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Nation
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Key Legal Basis
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Notes
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Albania
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Criminal Code provisions
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Requires assistance without risk to self; fines for non-compliance.
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Andorra
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Civil law duty
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Similar to European neighbors; notification to authorities suffices.
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Argentina
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Penal Code Art. 108
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Obligation to aid or notify; penalties up to 1 year imprisonment.
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Austria
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Criminal Code § 95
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“Failure to render assistance”; must act if no danger to self.
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Belgium
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Criminal Code Art. 420
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Duty to help or call authorities; fines or imprisonment possible.
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Brazil
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Penal Code Art. 135
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“Omission of rescue”; up to 6 months detention if aid is feasible.
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Bulgaria
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Criminal Code Art. 129
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Requires reasonable aid; exemptions for personal safety.
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Croatia
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Criminal Code Art. 142
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Obligation to assist without endangering self or others.
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Czech Republic
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Criminal Code § 369
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“Neglect of rescue”; must provide aid or summon help.
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Denmark
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Criminal Code § 190
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Duty to rescue or alert; rarely prosecuted.
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Estonia
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Penal Code § 290
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Failure to render aid; fines or up to 1 year imprisonment.
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Finland
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Rescue Act (general duty to act)
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Must engage in rescue activities per one’s abilities.
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France
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Penal Code Art. 223-6
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“Non-assistance to person in danger”; up to 5 years prison if grave peril.
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Germany
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Criminal Code § 323c
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“Failure to render assistance”; fines or up to 1 year jail.
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Greece
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Penal Code Art. 275
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Obligation to aid; penalties for omission.
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Hungary
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Criminal Code § 231
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Duty to help without risk; fines common.
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Iceland
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General Penal Code
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Similar to Nordic model; must notify authorities.
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Israel
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Penal Law § 298
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“Failure to prevent death or injury”; up to 3 years if feasible.
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Italy
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Criminal Code Art. 593
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“Omission of assistance”; fines or up to 1 year detention.
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Netherlands
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Criminal Code Art. 450
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Must provide or procure aid; no self-endangerment.
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Norway
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Penal Code § 242
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Obligation to rescue; exemptions for safety.
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Poland
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Criminal Code Art. 162
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“Exposure to danger”; must aid if possible without risk.
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Portugal
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Criminal Code Art. 200
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Duty to assist; penalties for failure.
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Russia
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Criminal Code Art. 125
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“Failure to assist in danger”; fines or detention.
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Serbia
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Criminal Code Art. 124
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Requires aid without personal peril.
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Slovakia
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Criminal Code § 177
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Neglect of civic duty to rescue.
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Spain
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Penal Code Art. 195
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Obligation to aid endangered persons.
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Switzerland
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Criminal Code Art. 128
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“Failure to render aid”; must act reasonably.
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Tunisia
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Penal Code Art. 345
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Duty to rescue; influenced by French law.
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